Open Access Article Macroeconomics

Sustainable Working Capital and Financial Performance in Cement Industry of Pakistan: An OLS Approach*

Authors

Ali Raza(1), Turgut Tursoy(2), Sadam Ali Balal(3)

  1. Near East University image/svg+xml
  2. Near East University image/svg+xml
  3. University of Sindh image/svg+xml

https://doi.org/10.36923/economa.v26i1.224

Abstract

This research aims to demonstrate for the first time how the Pakistani cement sector's financial health is impacted by sustainable working capital. The cement Industry uses sustainable working capital techniques and practices for magnificent financial outcomes. Considering the importance of these profitable techniques, we practice these in cement firms with a sample size of 25 cement firms listed in the Pakistan stock market (PSX) from 1997-2022. The data is collected from annual reports available on the financial statements. The current ratio and Quick ratio are measured for liquidity. Ordinary Least Square & correlation analysis indicates that the cash conversion cycle (?1= -0.564, p= 0.00), Current ratio (?2= -0.20, p= 0.040), Quick ratio (?3= -0.585, p= 0.000) and Inventory Turnover ratio (?4= -0.244, p= 0.004) have a negative effect on financial performance (Tobin's Q). This study helps policymakers that can handle liquidity Sustainable working capital for the cement industry.

Article information

Section
Articles
Submitted
March 27, 2023
Published
July 14, 2023
Corresponding author
Ali Raza
Check for updates
Check for updates

How to Cite

Raza, A., Tursoy, T., & Balal, S. A. . (2023). Sustainable Working Capital and Financial Performance in Cement Industry of Pakistan: An OLS Approach*. Innovation Economics Frontiers, 26(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.36923/economa.v26i1.224

References

  1. Abolfathi, N., Fosfuri, A., & Santamaria, S. (2022). Out of the trap: Conversion funnel business model, customer switching costs, and industry profitability. Strategic Management Journal, 43(9), 1872-1896. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3388 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3388 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  2. Adegbie, F. F., & Akenronye, C. T. (2022). Financial strategy and corporate performance growth of quoted cement manufacturing companies in Nigeria. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research, 29(3), 367-405. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2022.127185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIR.2022.127185 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  3. Afeef, M. (2011). Analyzing the impact of working capital management on the profitability of SMEs in Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(22), 173-183. Google Scholar WorldCat
  4. Agomor, P. E., Onumah, J. M., & Duho, K. C. T. (2022). Intellectual capital, profitability and market value of financial and non-financial services firms listed in Ghana. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 19(4), 312-335. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2022.123841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJLIC.2022.123841 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  5. Ahmad, M., Bashir, R., & Waqas, H. (2022). Working capital management and firm performance: Are their effects the same in COVID-19 compared to the financial crisis 2008? Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1), 2101224. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2101224 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2101224 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  6. Ahmad, N., Shah, F. N., Ijaz, F., & Ghouri, M. N. (2023). Corporate income tax, asset turnover and Tobin's Q as firm performance in Pakistan: The moderating role of liquidity ratio. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1), 2167287. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2167287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2167287 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  7. Ao, H. X., Eftekhari, M., Aungkulanon, P., Almutairi, K., & Mostafaeipour, A. (2022). Impact of economic and government investment in residential solar power plant on energy system sustainability. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52, 102050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102050 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  8. Arslan-Ayaydin, Ö., Chen, S., Ni, S. X., & Thewissen, J. (2022). Is cross-listing a panacea for improving earnings quality? The case of H-and B-share firms in China. International Review of Financial Analysis, 81, 102113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102113 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  9. AYDOĞMUŞ, M., GÜLAY, G., & ERGUN, K. (2022). Impact of ESG performance on firm value and profitability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 22(2), 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.11.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2022.11.006 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  10. Aytac, B., Hoang, T. H. V., Lahiani, A., & Michel, L. (2020). Working capital management and profitability of wine firms in France: An empirical analysis. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 41(3), 368-396. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2020.110803 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2020.110803 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  11. Azam, M. (2022). An empirical investigation of Tobin's Q augmented various asset pricing models: Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 1(4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.56556/jssms.v1i4.293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56556/jssms.v1i4.293 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  12. Badakhshan, E., & Ball, P. (2022). Applying digital twins for inventory and cash management in supply chains under physical and financial disruptions. International Journal of Production Research, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2022.2093682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2022.2093682 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  13. Bhattacharya, S. (2023). Multinational working capital management: A study on Toyota Motor Corporation. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 28(1), 236-256. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2418 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2418 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  14. Boisjoly, R. P., Conine Jr, T. E., & McDonald IV, M. B. (2020). Working capital management: Financial and valuation impacts. Journal of Business Research, 108, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.09.025 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  15. Cardao-Pito, T. (2022). Hypothesis: Tobin's q captures organizations' debt levels instead of their growth opportunities and intangible assets. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1), 2132636. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2132636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2132636 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  16. Chang, S., Li, A., Wang, X., & Wang, X. (2022). Joint optimization of e-commerce supply chain financing strategy and channel contract. European Journal of Operational Research, 303(2), 908-927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.03.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.03.013 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  17. Chen, C. H., Choy, S. K., & Tan, Y. (2022). The cash conversion cycle spread: International evidence. Journal of Banking & Finance, 140, 106517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106517 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106517 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  18. Dalci, I., Tanova, C., Ozyapici, H., & Bein, M. A. (2019). The moderating impact of firm size on the relationship between working capital management and profitability. Prague Economic Papers, 28(3), 296-312. https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.681 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  19. De Leijster, V., Verburg, R. W., Santos, M. J., Wassen, M. J., Martínez-Mena, M., De Vente, J., & Verweij, P. A. (2020). Almond farm profitability under agroecological management in south-eastern Spain: Accounting for externalities and opportunity costs. Agricultural Systems, 183, 102878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102878 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  20. Demiraj, R., Dsouza, S., & Abiad, M. (2022). Working capital management impact on profitability: Pre-pandemic and pandemic evidence from the European automotive industry. Risks, 10(12), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks10120236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/risks10120236 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  21. Dhole, S., Mishra, S., & Pal, A. M. (2019). Efficient working capital management, financial constraints and firm value: A text-based analysis. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 58, 101212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2019.101212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2019.101212 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  22. Doğan, M., & Kevser, M. (2020). The determinants of cash conversion cycle and firm performance: An empirical research for Borsa Istanbul Turkey. Management and Economics Review, 5(2), 197-206. https://doi.org/10.24818/mer/2020.12-01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24818/mer/2020.12-01 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  23. Doruk, Ö. T., & Ergün, B. (2022). The role of macroeconomic constraints on cash conversion cycle: Evidence from the Turkish manufacturing sector. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 29(4), 1063-1074. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2019.1636665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2019.1636665 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  24. Farrokhnia, M., Baggen, Y., Biemans, H., & Noroozi, O. (2022). Bridging the fields of entrepreneurship and education: The role of philosophical perspectives in fostering opportunity identification. The International Journal of Management Education, 20(2), 100632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100632 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  25. Garg, M. C., & Meentu. (2022). Impact of working capital management on firm's profitability of automobile sector firms in India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 18(3-4), 107-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510X221145249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510X221145249 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  26. Granof, M. H., Khumawala, S. B., & Calabrese, T. D. (2021). Government and not-for-profit accounting: Concepts and practices. John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar WorldCat
  27. Haig, R. M. (2020). The concept of income-economic and legal aspects. In Forerunners of Realizable Values Accounting in Financial Reporting (pp. 140-167). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003051091-26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003051091-26 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  28. Hall, J. R., Savas-Hall, S., & Shaw, E. H. (2022). A deductive approach to a systematic review of entrepreneurship literature. Management Review Quarterly, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-022-00266-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-022-00266-9 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  29. Harris, O., & Hampton, J. (2022). Director co‐option and the cash conversion cycle. Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 33(2), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.22540 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  30. Hojnik, J., Biloslavo, R., & Bertoncel, T. (2022). Business models for a circular economy: A literature review with bibliometric and topic analysis. Business Models for the Circular Economy: A European Perspective, 13-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08313-6_2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08313-6_2 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  31. Hussain, S., Hassan, A. A. G., Quddus, A., & Rafiq, M. (2021). Cash conversion cycle sensitivity by moderating the role of exchange rate volatility on a firm's financial performance. Business: Theory and Practice, 22(2), 277-289. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.13147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2021.13147 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  32. Jayathilaka, A. K. (2020). Operating profit and net profit: Measurements of profitability. Open Access Library Journal, 7(12), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1107011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1107011 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  33. Kolling, M. (2022). Selling hope on credit: Women's livelihoods, debt and the production of urban informality in Brazil. Contemporary Social Science, 17(3), 262-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2021.1919920 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2021.1919920 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  34. Kucera, M., & Dvorakova, D. (2023). Analysis of determinants influencing the level of intellectual capital disclosure: The case of FTSE 100 entities. Intangible Capital, 19(2), 296-315. https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.2213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3926/ic.2213 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  35. Kumpamool, C., & Chancharat, N. (2022). Does board composition influence working capital management? Evidence from Thailand. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 22(6), 1178-1196. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-10-2020-0468 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-10-2020-0468 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  36. Kyere, M., & Ausloos, M. (2021). Corporate governance and firms financial performance in the United Kingdom. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(2), 1871-1885. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1883 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1883 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  37. Lefebvre, V. (2022). Performance, working capital management, and the liability of smallness: A question of opportunity costs? Journal of Small Business Management, 60(3), 704-733. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.1735252 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.1735252 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  38. Louw, E., Hall, J. H., & Pradhan, R. P. (2022). The relationship between working capital management and profitability: Evidence from South African retail and construction firms. Global Business Review, 23(2), 313-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919865104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919865104 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  39. Mahmood, F., Shahzad, U., Nazakat, A., Ahmed, Z., Rjoub, H., & Wong, W. K. (2022). The nexus between cash conversion cycle, working capital finance, and firm performance: Evidence from novel machine learning approaches. Annals of Financial Economics, 17(02), 2250014. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010495222500142 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010495222500142 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  40. Mandipa, G., & Sibindi, A. B. (2022). Financial performance and working capital management practices in the retail sector: Empirical evidence from South Africa. Risks, 10(3), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks10030063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/risks10030063 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  41. Mazanec, J. (2022). The impact of working capital management on corporate performance in small-medium enterprises in the Visegrad group. Mathematics, 10(6), 951. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10060951 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/math10060951 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  42. Mulyadi, D., & Sihabudin, O. S. (2020). Analysis of current ratio, net profit margin, and good corporate governance against company value. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(1), 588-600. Google Scholar WorldCat
  43. Mwenda, B., & Pastory, D. (2022). Financial performance of firms before and after listing on Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange, Tanzania. In Sustainable Education and Development-Making Cities and Human Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient, and Sustainable: Proceedings of the Applied Research Conference in Africa (ARCA) (pp. 341-351). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90973-4_28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90973-4_28 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  44. Napier, C. J., & Stadler, C. (2020). The real effects of a new accounting standard: The case of IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Accounting and Business Research, 50(5), 474-503. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2020.1770933 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2020.1770933 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  45. Nastiti, P. K. Y., Atahau, A. D. R., & Supramono, S. (2019). Working capital management and its influence on profitability and sustainable growth. Business: Theory and Practice, 20, 61-68. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.06 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2019.06 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  46. Nayal, P., Pandey, N., & Paul, J. (2022). Covid‐19 pandemic and consumer-employee-organization well-being: A dynamic capability theory approach. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 56(1), 359-390. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12399 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  47. Naz, M. A., Ali, R., Rehman, R. U., & Ntim, C. G. (2022). Corporate governance, working capital management, and firm performance: Some new insights from agency theory. Managerial and Decision Economics, 43(5), 1448-1461. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3466 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  48. Okunev, R. (2022). Retail math: Basic, inventory/stock, and growth metrics. In Analytics for Retail: A Step-by-Step Guide to the Statistics Behind a Successful Retail Business (pp. 37-52). Berkeley, CA: Apress. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7830-7_4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7830-7_4 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  49. Panigrahi, S. K., Farsi, M. J. A., Kumaraswamy, S., Khan, M. W. A., & Rana, F. (2022). Working capital management and shareholder's wealth creation: Evidence from manufacturing companies listed in Oman. International Journal of Financial Studies, 10(4), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10040089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs10040089 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  50. Peng, J., & Zhou, Z. (2019). Working capital optimization in a supply chain perspective. European Journal of Operational Research, 277(3), 846-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.03.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2019.03.022 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  51. Prasad, P., Sivasankaran, N., & Shukla, A. (2019). Impact of deviation from target working capital on firm profitability: Evidence from India. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(8), 1510-1527. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-11-2018-0407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-11-2018-0407 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  52. Ramadhanty, N. R., & Sukmaningrum, P. S. (2020). Pengaruh Return On Asset, Quick Ratio, Debt To Total Asset Dan Dividen Payout Ratio Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Yang Terdaftar Di Jakarta Islamic Index (JII). Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 7(6), 1091-1101. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol7iss20206pp1091-1101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20473/vol7iss20206pp1091-1101 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  53. Rao, K. K., Burritt, R. L., & Christ, K. (2022). Quality of voluntary modern slavery disclosures: Top Australian listed companies. Pacific Accounting Review, 7(6), 920-930. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-07-2021-0117 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-07-2021-0117 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  54. Rasanjali, W. A., Mendis, A. P. K. D., Perera, B. A. K. S., & Disaratna, V. (2022). Implementing enterprise resource planning for lean waste minimization: Challenges and proposed strategies. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-04-2022-0068 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-04-2022-0068 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  55. Richards, V. D., & Laughlin, E. J. (1980). A cash conversion cycle approach to liquidity analysis. Financial Management, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.2307/3665310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3665310 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  56. Sah, N. B., Banerjee, A., Malm, J., & Rahman, A. (2022). A good name is better than riches: Family firms and working capital management. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 33, 100599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100599 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100599 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  57. Scope, C., Guenther, E., Schütz, J., Mielecke, T., Mündecke, E., Schultze, K., & Saling, P. (2020). Aiming for life cycle sustainability assessment of cement‐based composites: A trend study for wall systems of carbon concrete. Civil Engineering Design, 2(5-6), 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1002/cend.202000024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cend.202000024 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  58. Seth, H., Chadha, S., Sharma, S. K., & Ruparel, N. (2021). Exploring predictors of working capital management efficiency and their influence on firm performance: An integrated DEA-SEM approach. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 28(4), 1120-1145. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-05-2020-0251 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-05-2020-0251 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  59. Setianto, R. H., Sipayung, R. S., & Azman-Saini, W. N. (2022). Working capital financing and corporate profitability in the ASEAN region: The role of financial development. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 10(1), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2022.100104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2022.100104 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  60. Shingade, S., Rastogi, S., Bhimavarapu, V. M., & Chirputkar, A. (2022). Shareholder activism and its impact on profitability, return, and valuation of the firms in India. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(4), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15040148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15040148 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  61. Soda, M. Z., Hassan Makhlouf, M., Oroud, Y., & Al Omari, R. (2022). Is firms' profitability affected by working capital management? A novel market-based evidence in Jordan. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1), 2049671. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2049671 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2049671 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  62. Soesilo, P. K., Gunadi, W., & Vandriani, J. (2020). The effect of liquidity, leverage, profitability, dividend payout ratio, and price earning ratio on firm value. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17(7), 2967-2977. Google Scholar WorldCat
  63. Suhendry, W., Toni, N., & Simorangkir, E. N. (2021). Effect of debt to equity ratio and current ratio on company value with return on assets as intervening variable in consumer goods industrial companies listed on the Indonesia stock exchange for the 2015-2018 period. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 4(8), 1444-1449. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v4-i8-22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v4-i8-22 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  64. Surikova, E., Kosorukova, E., Krainova, I., & Rasskazova, M. (2022). Management of accounts receivable for railway transport enterprises. Transportation Research Procedia, 63, 1790-1797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.06.195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.06.195 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  65. Taheri, M., Amalnick, M. S., Taleizadeh, A. A., & Mardan, E. (2023). A fuzzy programming model for optimizing the inventory management problem considering financial issues: A case study of the dairy industry. Expert Systems with Applications, 221, 119766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119766 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119766 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  66. Tarkom, A. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 exposure on working capital management: The moderating effect of investment opportunities and government incentives. Finance Research Letters, 47, 102666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102666 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2021.102666 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  67. Tiwari, S. C., Sayyad, M., Azam, M. S., & Sudesh, N. S. (2023). Determinants of WCM of Indian listed firms: A GMM regression approach. Cogent Economics & Finance, 11(1), 2199550. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2199550 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2199550 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  68. Verma, Y. K., Ghime, D., Mazumdar, B., & Ghosh, P. (2023). Emission reduction through process integration and exploration of alternatives for sustainable clinker manufacturing. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04754-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04754-7 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  69. Woo, S. H., Kwon, M. S., & Yuen, K. F. (2021). Financial determinants of credit risk in the logistics and shipping industries. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 23, 268-290. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-020-00157-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41278-020-00157-4 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  70. Xu, Q., Fu, G., & Fan, D. (2020). Service sharing, profit mode and coordination mechanism in the online-to-offline retail market. Economic Modelling, 91, 659-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.12.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.12.006 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  71. Zeidan, R. (2022). Building managerial cash-flow statements for budgeting working capital investments. In The General Model of Working Capital Management (pp. 189-223). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3334-9_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3334-9_8 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  72. Zheng, X., Zhou, Y., & Iqbal, S. (2022). Working capital management of SMEs in COVID-19: Role of managerial personality traits and overconfidence behaviour. Economic Analysis and Policy, 76, 439-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.08.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.08.006 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat
  73. Zimon, G., Tarighi, H., Salehi, M., & Sadowski, A. (2022). Assessment of financial security of SMEs operating in the renewable energy industry during COVID-19 pandemic. Energies, 15(24), 9627. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249627 Google Scholar Crossref WorldCat

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

Most read articles by the same author(s)