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Open Access Article
20 Pages Download PDF: Analysis of Poverty Determinants in Pakistan: Insights from Household-Level Data

Analysis of Poverty Determinants in Pakistan: Insights from Household-Level Data

Misbah Nosheen, Mohammad Tahir , Javed Iqbal

2024-06-15 https://doi.org/10.36923/jcmi.v5i1.573

The study identifies different household-level determinants of poverty in Pakistan. The study makes use of PSLM (Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement) data for the year 2019–2020. By evaluating the Logit and Probit regression models, this study identifies economic factors that contribute to poverty. According to the findings, poverty is positively correlated with the dependence ratio and the number of people with disabilities. In addition, households with literate household heads have lower rates of poverty. Similarly, household heads in urban areas are more likely to have lower levels of poverty than rural residents. Moreover, Sindh has the highest level of poverty, whereas KP has the lowest. Therefore, poverty may be decreased by offering free education, job opportunities, and good planning for population expansion. Because family size has a direct impact on the dependency ratio, governmental efforts to reduce household size must be encouraged. In a similar manner, rehabilitation programs should be created, and monthly transfer payments should be provided to people with disabilities. Therefore, initiatives must be taken to reduce the disparities in the country's infrastructure, health, and education.

pp. 71-90 Abstract views:432 Downloads:128
Open Access Article
15 Pages Download PDF: Workers’ Remittances and Socio-Economic Well-Being in Top Ten Remittances Receiving Developing Countries: The Role of Financial Development

Workers’ Remittances and Socio-Economic Well-Being in Top Ten Remittances Receiving Developing Countries: The Role of Financial Development

Mahnaz Muhammad Ali, Rozina Sadiq, Muhammad Javed

2024-06-14 https://doi.org/10.36923/jcmi.v5i1.570

The present study contributes empirical evidence to the impact of remittances on the socio-economic well-being of recipient nations, particularly through the enhancement of their Human Development Index (HDI) rankings. Utilizing a panel dataset comprising the top ten remittance-receiving countries over the period from 1990 to 2020, the research endeavors to offer a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between remittance inflows and HDI metrics. This investigation delves into the nuanced dimensions of HDI, namely health, education, and income per capita, to discern the specific effects of remittances on each component. The study employs the generalized method of moments (GMM) technique to mitigate potential endogeneity concerns inherent in the relationship between remittances and financial development. The findings of this empirical inquiry suggest that remittances wield a discernible influence on augmenting human well-being, particularly by fostering improvements in health and education outcomes. Additionally, the study identifies a constructive role for financial development in bolstering HDI indicators. In light of these findings, it is recommended that policymakers formulate tailored strategies aimed at facilitating remittance flows, thereby affording migrants enhanced access to robust financial systems.

pp. 1-15 Abstract views:359 Downloads:99
13 Pages Download PDF: Does More Income Buy More Happiness? Empirical Evidence from the World Values Survey in Pakistan

Does More Income Buy More Happiness? Empirical Evidence from the World Values Survey in Pakistan

Samia Awais, Shahzad Kouser, Ihtesham-ul-Haq Padda

2025-06-30 https://doi.org/10.36923/jcmi.v6i1.639

This study examines the empirical validity of the Easterlin Paradox in the context of Pakistan, drawing on nationally representative microdata from 1,995 adult respondents in the most recent Wave 7 of the World Values Survey. The paradox posits that while income is positively associated with happiness at a given point in time, long-term income increases do not necessarily lead to sustained improvements in subjective well-being. We examine this relationship through a combination of descriptive statistics and a two-level mixed-effects ordered logistic regression model, which accounts for both individual- and community-level heterogeneity. The analysis confirms that income has a statistically significant positive effect on happiness; however, the inclusion of a squared income term reveals a non-linear, concave relationship, indicating diminishing marginal returns to income—a core tenet of the Easterlin Paradox. Beyond income, a range of non-material factors such as good health, perceived autonomy, confidence in institutions, and social class emerge as significant predictors of happiness. Conversely, factors like food insecurity and being a victim of crime negatively impact subjective well-being. These findings align with the capability approach and recent global literature emphasizing the multidimensional nature of happiness. The study contributes to filling a critical gap in South Asian happiness research by providing country-specific, methodologically rigorous evidence from Pakistan. Policy implications suggest the need for a broader, human-centered development strategy that prioritizes healthcare, education, institutional trust, and social protection, rather than focusing narrowly on income growth. By shifting the focus toward inclusive and holistic well-being, Pakistan can better align its development goals with what truly enhances the lives of its citizens.

pp. 82-94 Abstract views:215 Downloads:160
Open Access Article
17 Pages Download PDF: Impact of E-Banking on Customer Welfare: Empirical Evidence from the Banks in South Punjab (Pakistan)

Impact of E-Banking on Customer Welfare: Empirical Evidence from the Banks in South Punjab (Pakistan)

Uzma Hina, Muhammad Omer Chaudhary

2025-06-30 https://doi.org/10.36923/jcmi.v6i1.633

It is evident that internet banking (e-banking) revolutionizes financial management through convenience, speed, and accessibility, thus enhancing customer welfare by saving time, reducing costs, and increasing financial control. Hence, this study expands on existing literature by analyzing the impact of e-banking on customer welfare, particularly in banks of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. This study uses Zenithal et al.'s (2005) e-SQ/e-SERVQUAL framework and IFC's (2013) MBQ model, treating customer welfare as an outcome of e-banking service quality. A descriptive-exploratory design was employed to analyze the cause-and-effect relationship between e-banking services and customer welfare. A Logit Model was developed based on data collected from 1029 customers of real-time online branches (RTOB) located in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, to estimate the econometric properties for determining the relationship between e-banking and customer welfare. Findings reveal that E-banking explains 68.59% of welfare variance (R²=0.6859, Adj. R²=0.6825). The Logit model is significant (F=206.33, p=0.000), with education (β=0.009, p=0.012), e-compensation, efficiency, responsiveness, and website layout (all p=0.000) as positive predictors. Gender, location, age, marital status, and income showed no significant impact (p>0.05). The study highlights that Pakistan's banking sector, particularly in Southern Punjab, must improve digital literacy, banking services, and rural infrastructure to enhance e-banking adoption and financial inclusion and contribute more to customer welfare.

pp. 32-48 Abstract views:194 Downloads:174
Open Access Article
15 Pages Download PDF: Analyzing the Impact of Income Inequality on Women Empowerment in Punjab, Pakistan

Analyzing the Impact of Income Inequality on Women Empowerment in Punjab, Pakistan

Misbah Bashir, Muhammad Umar Farooq, Abdul Majeed Nadeem

2025-12-27 https://doi.org/10.36923/jcmi.v6i2.669

The present study investigates the impact of income inequality on women’s empowerment in the districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Data on income inequality, women's empowerment, and other variables of interest are drawn from four waves of the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey for the period 2008 to 2018. Three aspects, including education, health, and political participation of women, have been considered in the measurement of the women empowerment index. A fixed-effects approach is applied for the empirical evaluation of the data. The empirical outcomes show that a reduction in income inequality is significantly helpful in enhancing women’s empowerment across all districts.

pp. 60-74 Abstract views:212 Downloads:109
Open Access Article
11 Pages Download PDF: Social Protection Analysis on Labor Market of Pakistan

Social Protection Analysis on Labor Market of Pakistan

Tayyaba Faaiz, Hafsa Bibi, Naseem Akhtar, Mahnoor Fatima

2025-12-10 https://doi.org/10.36923/jcmi.v6i2.667

Social security is seen as a fundamental human right. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of social protection on the labor market dynamic. This study is based on the HIES data set from 2018-19. Binary logistic regression is used to estimate the parameters of the labor force participation model. This study found that beneficiaries of social protection programs have a negative trend toward labor force participation in Pakistan. In addition, it is observed that some social indicators like age, the rural living region, and male household head significantly effect on labor force participation. This study also attempts to fill the gap by examining the effect that LFP on educational attainments. The study attempts to highlight the effect of social protection on LFP at the provincial level. The results explore the positive effect on labor force participation of beneficiaries by different age categories. Female labor force participation of grant receivers in Pakistan is still below as compared to males. The results show that the impacts of higher educated people on the labor force are low as compared to uneducated. The study concludes by lying out some recommendations.

pp. 49-59 Abstract views:262 Downloads:117
Open Access Article
10 Pages Download PDF: Behavioral Intentions and Determinants of Consumer Preference for Islamic Banks in Faisalabad

Behavioral Intentions and Determinants of Consumer Preference for Islamic Banks in Faisalabad

Noreen Riaz, Hazoor Muhammad Sabir, Anam Shehzadi

2025-12-10 https://doi.org/10.36923/jcmi.v6i2.649

The current study analyzed the Behavioral Intentions and determinants of consumer preferences about Islamic Banking in Faisalabad. The primary data for this study is collected from 230 consumers in 2024 from different Islamic Banks in Faisalabad region. To estimate the consumer’s preferences and satisfaction about Islamic banking, the study employs binary logistic regression model. The variable of consumer preference is dependent variable and in binary form. Moreover, awareness of Islamic banking, perceived sharia compliance and, trust in Islamic institutions are main independent variables of the study. According to the estimated results, the variable of respondent education, knowledge about the profit margin on Islamic bank, Awareness about service quality, insurance policy according to Shariah laws, leasing policy according to Shariah laws, deposit policy according to Shariah laws, bank charges, shows positive and significant relationship with the consumer preferences. Regarding demographic variables, the age of respondents, urban and rural region, marital status, gender, religion show positive but insignificant relation with the consumer preferences. On this research provide some suggestions and policy recommendations for concerned policy maker based on customer satisfaction and Knowledge in Islamic banking and shariah compliance.

pp. 39-48 Abstract views:214 Downloads:126
Open Access Article
8 Pages Download PDF: From Income to Inclusion: A Comparative Human Capabilities Index for South Asian Economic Development

From Income to Inclusion: A Comparative Human Capabilities Index for South Asian Economic Development

Zaeema Farooq, Shaista Raza, Aqsa Hameed, Iqra Mehmood, Sidra Bano

2025-06-25 https://doi.org/10.36923/jcmi.v6i1.641

A new Comparative Human Capabilities Index (CHCI), which goes beyond conventional measures like GDP or HDI, is presented in this study to evaluate the economic progress of South Asian nations. GDP per capita, GDP per person employed, trade as a percentage of GDP, life expectancy, secondary school enrollment, and GDP per capita are the six main variables that make up the index, which is based on Amartya Sen's capability approach. Data were collected from the World Bank for eight nations between 2001 and 2015: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In order to ensure comparability across variables, the CHCI was built using equal weighting and min-max normalization. The findings indicate that while Bangladesh and India have made notable progress over time, the Maldives and Sri Lanka continue to rank first in terms of human skills. Despite beginning with lower levels, Afghanistan and Nepal showed signs of improvement over time. As an alternative to more conventional indices like the Human progress Index (HDI), the index offers a more human-centered and inclusive lens through which to view the region's economic progress. This strategy emphasizes how crucial it is to make investments in productivity, health, and education in order to achieve long-term, fair development.

pp. 111-118 Abstract views:187 Downloads:87

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