Open access Articles CC BY 4.0 December 18, 2025

Open Access Article Economics

Exploring How Income Inequality, Education, and Policy Shape Energy Access Disparities in Southeast Asia

Authors

Authors: Syeda Anam Hassan1, Inayatul Haq2, Alamzeb Aamir3, Ihtisham ul Haq4, Khalid Zaman5,*

Author info & affiliations
  1. Department of Higher Education KPK, Government Girls Degree College (GGDC), Nawansher, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  2. Elementary & Secondary Education Department, KPK, Government Higher Secondary School No. 1, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  3. Department of Management Sciences, FATA University, TSD Dara, Kohat KPK, Pakistan
  4. Department of Econometrics, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  5. Department of Economics, The University of Haripur, Haripur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  6. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Publication: Innovation Economics Frontiers, Vol. 28 No. 2 (2025), pp. 14-30 https://doi.org/10.36923/ie-frontiers.v28i2.403

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Abstract

The pursuance of Sustainable Development Goal 7, Affordable and Clean Energy, takes center stage in this research in the vibrant geography of Southeast Asia. This investigation centers on the social and economic ramifications of renewable energy policy, examining the various factors that influence energy fairness and justice. The study aims to determine how financial disparity, community participation, education, policy support, and geographical constraints affected energy access discrepancies in a panel of nine selected Southeast Asian countries from 2000 to 2023. The study employed a panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and robust least squares regression for estimation. Income inequality negatively and significantly affects energy access disparity (EAD) in the panel ARDL model. Community involvement and education improve energy accessibility. Education raises awareness of sustainable energy practices and technology, which increases energy-efficient solution adoption. Community involvement affects inclusive energy access and environmental sustainability policies,  and public opinion. Additionally, geographical obstacles and public support are correlated positively, indicating that practical policy actions and investments can increase energy availability. Centralized infrastructure, technology, and egalitarian energy solutions may overcome geographical obstacles. Finally, policy support has an "inverted U-shaped" pattern, suggesting that it may promote socioeconomic growth and reduce energy access inequities. The study provides deep insights that can influence targeted policy choices and promote a sustainable and inclusive energy future for Southeast Asian countries.

Article information

Keywords
Energy PolicySustainable DevelopmentCommunity ParticipationEnergy Access DisparityEnergy JusticeSoutheast Asian Nations
Section
Articles
Issue
Vol. 28 No. 2 (2025)
Pages
14-30
Submitted
August 28, 2025
Accepted
December 1, 2025
Published
December 18, 2025
Corresponding author
Khalid Zaman
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