Corrections and Retractions

If improper behaviour or fraud is suspected, the journal and/or publisher will investigate according to COPE guidelines. If an investigation reveals legitimate concerns, the authors will be contacted via their provided email address and given a chance to respond. Depending on the situation, the journal and/or publisher may implement the following measures:

• The manuscript may be rejected and returned if it is still under consideration.
• If the article is already online, depending on the infraction, an erratum or correction may be added.
• The article may include an editor's note or concern.
• In severe cases, retraction of the paper may occur.

The reason will be clearly stated in a correction, editor's note, editorial concern, or retraction notice. In cases of retraction, the article will be watermarked "retracted," and the explanation will be linked to the article.

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Removal of Published Content

We may remove an article or other content from its online platforms under certain circumstances:

• Content that violates intellectual property rights, privacy rights, or any other legal right of a third party.
• Content deemed unlawful or illegal based on court or government orders.
• Discovery of conflict of interest during investigation.
• Evidence of unethical behaviour from the author.
• Content that poses an immediate and serious health risk if acted upon.
• Submitting falsified or fabricated data.
• Fake authorship or impersonation of individuals.
• Manuscripts submitted through unauthorized third parties.
• Manipulation of the peer review process.
• Use of forged or misleading acceptance letters.

If content is removed, the removal may be permanent. However, the bibliographic metadata will be preserved along with a statement explaining why the content was removed.

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For full details, please refer to our Misconduct & Fraud Prevention Policy.